Fit and Proper Test Jangan Hanya Formalitas
Calon Direksi PDAM
http://www.fajar.co.id/read-20110213205852-fit-and-proper-test-jangan-hanya-formalitas
MAKASSAR -- Fit and proper test calon direksi PDAM Makassar akan digelar Rabu lusa. Sebanyak 14 kandidat akan mengikuti uji kelayakan dan kepatutan calon direksi sebagai salah satu tahapan proses pendaftaran.
Direktur Utama PDAM Makassar Tadjuddin Noor berharap uji direksi tidak bersifat formalitas yang hanya melegalkan calon yang sudah ditetapkan oleh owner. Dia berharap owner mengacu pada aturan tentang pengangkatan direksi PDAM.
Direktur Eksekutif Pemantau Kebijakan Publik, Baso DN menambahkan pemilihan direksi PDAM harus sesuai ketentuan yang dipersyaratkan aturan. Tim pengujinya juga harus orang-orang yang punya integritas seperti Abraham Samad, Mappinawang, dan Bastian Lubis.
"Direksi harus memiliki komitmen memperbaiki PDAM, karena selama ini manajemen karut marut dan permasalahan utang menumpuk. Uji direksi juga sepatutnya dilakukan tim independen dan bebas intervensi," kata Baso.
Setelah proses pendaftaran calon direksi PDAM Kota Makassar rampung, tahapan selanjutnya digelar uji direksi atau fit and proper test pada Rabu, 16 Februari lusa. Uji direksi itu diharapkan tidak sekadar formalitas belaka.
Sedangkan Ketua FIK Ornop Sulsel Khudri Arsyad mengatakan selain aspek tenis tata kelola, PDAM sebagai BUMD, tak kalah pentingnya menemukan figur yang secara manajerial dapat memastikan masalah-masalah yang ada sebelumnya. "Antara lain kepuasan pelanggan dan menjadikan PDAM yang lebih transparan dan akuntabel. Figur yang dapat mengawal hal tersebut tentu yang punya integritas, kapabilitas, dan profesionalisme supaya bebas dari prasangka negatif," katanya.
Kandidat direksi, Irawan Abadi meminta Wali Kota Makassar sebagai owner PDAM agar mempedomani Permendagri Nomor 2 Tahun 2007 tentang struktur organisasi dan kepegawaian PDAM. Salah satu pasalnya menegaskan calon direksi PDAM harus mengikuti fit and proper test. Selain itu, usianya maksimal 50 tahun dan tidak merangkap jabatan," kata Irawan.
Selain itu, lanjut Irawan, penetapan jajaran direksi PDAM juga mengacu pada Permenkeu Nomor 120 Tahun 2008 tentang penyelesaian piutang negara pada PDAM. Dalam Permenkeu ini dinyatakan jika PDAM mau sehat, maka harus ada fit and proper test direktur, tidak bekerja sama pihak ketiga, layak dengan pengecualian hasil pemeriksaan BPKP, serta tidak ada subsidi atau full cost recovery dalam tarif air.
"Nah, sebaiknya uji kelayakan nanti tidak sekadar formalitas belaka. Maksudnya, uji direksi hanya untuk mengesahkan calon direksi yang sebenarnya sudah dipilih jauh hari sebelumnya," ujar Irwan yang merupakan staf PDAM Makassar.
Irawan menambahkan direktur yang terpilih nantinya sebaiknya tidak lagi melanjutkan kerja sama dengan pihak ketiga seperti PT Traya dalam pengelolaan air. Selain itu, mampu menekan tingkat kerugian. Irawan membeberkan pada 2009, hasil audit BPKP menyebutkan utang PDAM Rp9,9 miliar dan naik pada 2010 dengan nilai kerugian mencapai Rp15,5 miliar. (ram)
Kamis, 17 Februari 2011
Senin, 24 Januari 2011
Rabu, 15 Desember 2010
Mohamad Mova Al 'Afghani
[Milis AMPL] Informasi profil PDAM skala kota kecil/sedang
Mohamad Mova Al 'Afghani
Kalau menurut saya -- secara yuridis -- tidak ada persyaratan minimalnya. Mungkin ada pedoman2 teknis dari depdagri/otoda atau PU, tetapi tidak mengikat. Pasal 16h UU 7/2004 memberikan mandat bagi pemda (tk 2) untuk memenuhi kebutuhan air minum di daerahnya masing masing; hal ini dikukuhkan oleh Mahkamah Konstitusi dalam uji materi UU SDA. Kewajiban pemenuhan air ini tentunya bisa dilaksanakan dengan cara membentuk PDAM.
Pembentukan PDAM dilakukan lewat Perda, berdasarkan UU No.5/1962 tentang Perusahaan Daerah (katanya UU ini mau diganti, tapi belum juga kelihatannya?). Biasanya aset dan manajemennya dipisahkan dari aset dan anggaran daerah, jadi dia punya limited liability, lalu dalam beberapa Perda pendirian PDAM, ada klausul dimana direksinya tidak bebas untuk melakukan kerjasama dengan pihak ketiga, kecuali atas izin walikota. Ketentuan2 mengenai PPP/PSP bisa tertuang dalam perda pendirian PDAM. Perda bisa mengatur bahwa PPP/PSP dalam core services dilarang, tetapi dalam retail diperbolehkan.
Ketentuan2 lain yang relevan adalah undang2 tentang perbendaharaan negara, undang2 tentang pelayanan publik, peraturan pemerintah tentang procurement/tender dan perundang undangan ttg otonomi daerah.
Saya belum melihat ada Perda PDAM yang baik untuk dijadikan best practice PPP/PSP. Perda Jakarta (13/1992) sangat kuno untuk bisa mengatur PPP/PSP. Perda bogor lumayan baik untuk dijadikan contoh public ownership, tapi tidak cukup baik untuk dijadikan contoh penganturan PPP/PSP. Saya belum liat perda Batam dan daerah lain yang ada PPPnya.
Saya pernah mengkritik hal ini dalam beberapa paper/artikel saya:
http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2009/08/31/indonesia-needs-a-strong-water-services-law.html
http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/03/30/ri-water-services-suffering-a-lack-governance.html
Mohamad Mova Al 'Afghani
Kalau menurut saya -- secara yuridis -- tidak ada persyaratan minimalnya. Mungkin ada pedoman2 teknis dari depdagri/otoda atau PU, tetapi tidak mengikat. Pasal 16h UU 7/2004 memberikan mandat bagi pemda (tk 2) untuk memenuhi kebutuhan air minum di daerahnya masing masing; hal ini dikukuhkan oleh Mahkamah Konstitusi dalam uji materi UU SDA. Kewajiban pemenuhan air ini tentunya bisa dilaksanakan dengan cara membentuk PDAM.
Pembentukan PDAM dilakukan lewat Perda, berdasarkan UU No.5/1962 tentang Perusahaan Daerah (katanya UU ini mau diganti, tapi belum juga kelihatannya?). Biasanya aset dan manajemennya dipisahkan dari aset dan anggaran daerah, jadi dia punya limited liability, lalu dalam beberapa Perda pendirian PDAM, ada klausul dimana direksinya tidak bebas untuk melakukan kerjasama dengan pihak ketiga, kecuali atas izin walikota. Ketentuan2 mengenai PPP/PSP bisa tertuang dalam perda pendirian PDAM. Perda bisa mengatur bahwa PPP/PSP dalam core services dilarang, tetapi dalam retail diperbolehkan.
Ketentuan2 lain yang relevan adalah undang2 tentang perbendaharaan negara, undang2 tentang pelayanan publik, peraturan pemerintah tentang procurement/tender dan perundang undangan ttg otonomi daerah.
Saya belum melihat ada Perda PDAM yang baik untuk dijadikan best practice PPP/PSP. Perda Jakarta (13/1992) sangat kuno untuk bisa mengatur PPP/PSP. Perda bogor lumayan baik untuk dijadikan contoh public ownership, tapi tidak cukup baik untuk dijadikan contoh penganturan PPP/PSP. Saya belum liat perda Batam dan daerah lain yang ada PPPnya.
Saya pernah mengkritik hal ini dalam beberapa paper/artikel saya:
http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2009/08/31/indonesia-needs-a-strong-water-services-law.html
http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/03/30/ri-water-services-suffering-a-lack-governance.html
Mohamad Mova Al ‘Afghani's Opinion
Indonesia needs a strong water services law
Mohamad Mova Al `Afghani, Dundee, UK | Mon, 08/31/2009 11:56 AM | Opinion
http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2009/08/31/indonesia-needs-a-strong-water-services-law.html
The current condition in the water and sanitation sector is bleak. Only 31 percent of the urban population and 17 percent of the total population had access to piped water. Around 80 million Indonesians lack access to sanitation, contributing to 100,000 deaths annually and economic losses of up to US$6.3 billion.
The water law that was enacted in 2004 comprehensively regulates water as a finite natural resource. However, of all the law's 100 articles, only one (Article 40) specifically regulates water and sanitation services.
Meanwhile, the implementing regulation of Article 40, Government Regulation No. 16/2005 on the Development of Drinking Water Provision Systems (PP-16) regulates water and sanitation services only generally.
There are several possible reasons for this. The first is that the government perceives water services as a local problem and as such considers municipalities to be primarily responsible for water services. The second reason is that in order to avoid the law from being invalidated by the Constitutional Court, the Water Law does not regulate services specifically, but instead broadly and vaguely.
Indeed, the water law does not contain the word "privatization" but it does suggest at Article 40 that the "..private sector, as well as the cooperatives and other members of the society" may participate in the development of water services. Of course, some investment in water supply infrastructure can be small if they occur in rural areas.
However, in cities, water projects can be worth millions of dollars and involve multinational corporations and foreign lenders. It is certainly inadequate to regulate both these operations under the same article.
It is worth noting that the governance of water as a resource is different from water services, even though they are interrelated. The governance of water resources encompasses the management of groundwater, rivers, wetlands, lakes, catchments areas, effluent discharge and how water is allocated to competing interests such as the industrial, residential, farming and hydropower sectors.
The governance of water services is different as it deals with water supply and sanitation infrastructure (sewerage), as well as the rights and responsibilities these utilities have and what roles local government plays.
The interconnection between *services' and *resources' only comes where water is abstracted from the environment by the utility and returned to the environment as waste.
Due to the complexity of the governance of water services, some countries regulate them in a specific law. In the UK and Scotland, they are regulated under the Water Industry Act, and in South Africa they are regulated under the Water Services Act. France does not have any specific water services law, however, models of private participation are regulated explicitly through multiple legislations. These legislations, backed by the court, which can act as a quasi-regulator, explicitly acknowledges the legal relation between municipalities, consumers and concessionaire holders and regulates their rights and responsibilities.
The water services law has important functions for both consumers and investors. It protects consumers from disconnection or limitation of supply (in Indonesia, disconnection is allowed by PP-16, while in the UK and South Africa it is illegal to disconnect), it establishes a consultation mechanism for tariff setting, sets out transparency requirements and regulatory accounts, sets quality standards for drinking water and details consumer rights.
In Indonesia, the laws do not define what the "minimum standard of services" is, as it is defined in a contract. In many other jurisdictions, these standards are not subjected to market mechanisms through contracts but are a matter of statutory obligation. The reason for this is because a sub-standard service is a public health issue which requires state intervention.
Note that one of the functions of the water services law is guaranteeing the property rights of the water utility. Without sufficient regulation, investors mainly depend on contracts. The political character of water services sometimes presses local governments to assume control of some rights of utility providers, such as denying tariff increases, or even striping them off their concessions when they lose popular support.
The problem in Indonesia is that the government views private participation to be desirable in the water sector, but the Constitutional Court and the civil societies are very reactive to the idea. So the parliament and the government regulate privatization discreetly in order to avoid the wrath of the court and civil society.
In effect, privatization happens without adequate statutory oversight. This has strong implications for consumers and investors. For consumers, this means that their rights to enjoy good quality, uninterrupted water supply at an affordable rate and their rights to complain and to request compensation for substandard services is not legally guaranteed, but is simply a matter of private arrangements enumerated in a contract.
For investors, this means that their investment relies only in the mercy of local government in honoring their contract. If there is a dispute between the government and an investor, the court and tribunals will be left in the dark, as there are no clear rules that regulate the settlement of disputes. Hence, without a water services law, their investment will be at risk.
The writer is a Ph.D student at the UNESCO Centre for Water Law, Policy and Science at the University of Dundee, UK
Mohamad Mova Al `Afghani, Dundee, UK | Mon, 08/31/2009 11:56 AM | Opinion
http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2009/08/31/indonesia-needs-a-strong-water-services-law.html
The current condition in the water and sanitation sector is bleak. Only 31 percent of the urban population and 17 percent of the total population had access to piped water. Around 80 million Indonesians lack access to sanitation, contributing to 100,000 deaths annually and economic losses of up to US$6.3 billion.
The water law that was enacted in 2004 comprehensively regulates water as a finite natural resource. However, of all the law's 100 articles, only one (Article 40) specifically regulates water and sanitation services.
Meanwhile, the implementing regulation of Article 40, Government Regulation No. 16/2005 on the Development of Drinking Water Provision Systems (PP-16) regulates water and sanitation services only generally.
There are several possible reasons for this. The first is that the government perceives water services as a local problem and as such considers municipalities to be primarily responsible for water services. The second reason is that in order to avoid the law from being invalidated by the Constitutional Court, the Water Law does not regulate services specifically, but instead broadly and vaguely.
Indeed, the water law does not contain the word "privatization" but it does suggest at Article 40 that the "..private sector, as well as the cooperatives and other members of the society" may participate in the development of water services. Of course, some investment in water supply infrastructure can be small if they occur in rural areas.
However, in cities, water projects can be worth millions of dollars and involve multinational corporations and foreign lenders. It is certainly inadequate to regulate both these operations under the same article.
It is worth noting that the governance of water as a resource is different from water services, even though they are interrelated. The governance of water resources encompasses the management of groundwater, rivers, wetlands, lakes, catchments areas, effluent discharge and how water is allocated to competing interests such as the industrial, residential, farming and hydropower sectors.
The governance of water services is different as it deals with water supply and sanitation infrastructure (sewerage), as well as the rights and responsibilities these utilities have and what roles local government plays.
The interconnection between *services' and *resources' only comes where water is abstracted from the environment by the utility and returned to the environment as waste.
Due to the complexity of the governance of water services, some countries regulate them in a specific law. In the UK and Scotland, they are regulated under the Water Industry Act, and in South Africa they are regulated under the Water Services Act. France does not have any specific water services law, however, models of private participation are regulated explicitly through multiple legislations. These legislations, backed by the court, which can act as a quasi-regulator, explicitly acknowledges the legal relation between municipalities, consumers and concessionaire holders and regulates their rights and responsibilities.
The water services law has important functions for both consumers and investors. It protects consumers from disconnection or limitation of supply (in Indonesia, disconnection is allowed by PP-16, while in the UK and South Africa it is illegal to disconnect), it establishes a consultation mechanism for tariff setting, sets out transparency requirements and regulatory accounts, sets quality standards for drinking water and details consumer rights.
In Indonesia, the laws do not define what the "minimum standard of services" is, as it is defined in a contract. In many other jurisdictions, these standards are not subjected to market mechanisms through contracts but are a matter of statutory obligation. The reason for this is because a sub-standard service is a public health issue which requires state intervention.
Note that one of the functions of the water services law is guaranteeing the property rights of the water utility. Without sufficient regulation, investors mainly depend on contracts. The political character of water services sometimes presses local governments to assume control of some rights of utility providers, such as denying tariff increases, or even striping them off their concessions when they lose popular support.
The problem in Indonesia is that the government views private participation to be desirable in the water sector, but the Constitutional Court and the civil societies are very reactive to the idea. So the parliament and the government regulate privatization discreetly in order to avoid the wrath of the court and civil society.
In effect, privatization happens without adequate statutory oversight. This has strong implications for consumers and investors. For consumers, this means that their rights to enjoy good quality, uninterrupted water supply at an affordable rate and their rights to complain and to request compensation for substandard services is not legally guaranteed, but is simply a matter of private arrangements enumerated in a contract.
For investors, this means that their investment relies only in the mercy of local government in honoring their contract. If there is a dispute between the government and an investor, the court and tribunals will be left in the dark, as there are no clear rules that regulate the settlement of disputes. Hence, without a water services law, their investment will be at risk.
The writer is a Ph.D student at the UNESCO Centre for Water Law, Policy and Science at the University of Dundee, UK
Mohamad Mova Al ‘Afghani's Opinion
RI water services suffering from a lack of governance
Mohamad Mova Al ‘Afghani, Dundee, UK | Tue, 03/30/2010 9:48 AM | Opinion
http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/03/30/ri-water-services-suffering-a-lack-governance.html
From more than 300 water utilities currently operating, only a quarter is said to be financially healthy. The rest is either suffering from high debts or continuously failing to be able to cover its costs.
Meanwhile, the population keeps increasing and the quality of water from surface and groundwater sources is rapidly decreasing due to deforestation, pollution, saltwater intrusion and other problems caused by climate change. Experts are pessimistic that Indonesia will be able to achieve the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) target on water by 2015.
What is the real problem in the water services sector? There are funds out there ready to be invested by the private sector, but yet, most private sector participation in the water sector is failing.
Water is also abundant in this country, but in the form of floods or waste. Many reports consider that the real problem is not the lack of financial or natural resources, but the serious lack of governance.
Given the seriousness of water for our daily lives, it is a pity that we do not have any single national legislation dedicated specifically to managing water services.
The reason for this is partially because of regional autonomy, that those are the duties of local governments. Has local government paid enough attention to governing water services? No. What I hear most is the fuss about regional bylaws regulating the decency and morality standards of their citizens, such as those related to gambling, prostitution, alcoholic beverages or women’s clothing.
I am not suggesting that public morality cannot be regulated. It’s just that in terms of priorities, we are certainly losing our sight. There are obviously more people dying and ill because of waterborne diseases rather than from gambling or prostitution.
It is the lack of access to sufficient and safe water which contributes to the escalation of criminal and socially immoral activities.
Within the world of water activism itself, the debate is often sidetracked. In Indonesia, people tend to always debate between public versus private ownership of water utilities. I think they are asking the wrong question.
We know so much about the failure of privatization but yet so little about the success of public water utilities. So the real question should be aimed toward a solution: What governance mechanisms work for either public or private water utilities? In what circumstances can water be privatized and in what circumstances is a public ownership desirable?
This sidetracked debate has contributed to a bitter reality, that is, that both privatized and nonprivatized services develop without adequate governance.
Jakarta, for example, which has a population of more than 10 million in daylight, is regulated through bylaws enacted in 1992 and 1993, way before privatization (by way of concession) was carried out in 1998.
These bylaws are poorly drafted and do not reflect the need to incorporate post-privatization reality. What is happening now is that, in practice, Jakarta drinking water services are regulated mainly through concession contracts.
This fact is appalling because water is a political good that contracts alone are never enough to regulate.
When a Jakarta citizen asks to what rights are they entitled as a water customer, there’s not much that the 1992 and 1993 bylaws can answer because the 1998 privatization has changed the landscape of accountability from Jakarta’s local government and PAM Jaya to its concessionaires.
Some of the answers could be provided in the concession contracts. Unfortunately, the concession contracts are said to contain a confidentiality clause and therefore are never to be found in the public domain.
On the other hand, a citizen in Bogor can obtain clarity that they are entitled to a discount and even exemption from payments if their water utility delivers substandard services because Bogor municipality enacted a bylaw in 2006, stipulating the rights and obligations of the customer.
This is not to say that Bogor’s water services bylaws are perfect as there are many clauses which need amendment.
This is to say that when local government has a strong will to govern water services, it can.
Currently, there are several other water services cooperation, concessions and joint ventures taking place or being planned, oftentimes with the support of International Financial Institutions (IFI).
Reading their reports, I am skeptical that enough attention is given toward transparency, accountability and participation, all of which constitute an important element of governance
Some reports even modeled water services as a sale-and-purchase transaction like other ordinary goods, whereby the Regional Water Company (PDAM) bought water from the private sector and re-sold it to customers, away from the scrutiny of local parliament and other accountability mechanisms.
If this is the way to go, then we are doomed to another failure because no privatization is ever successful without proper regulatory governance.
If local government wishes to privatize, they should tightly regulate the private sector. No contracts can be above the law, especially when it comes to an essential element of human life such as water.
If they don’t regulate, they will soon realize that they will lose control. Prices rising, taps not flowing, no investment made to extend the network.
When this happens, the citizens will come after them to demand responsibility. If they find no favorable answer, they can start taking matters into their own hands, such as by stealing water from the network.
This, in turn, will raise the burden on those who actually pay the price. If the local government decides to terminate the contract, the private sector will threaten to use international arbitration.
Thus, local governments should start establishing the framework for transparency, accountability and participation through regional bylaws. If the services are to be privatized, they must ensure prior consent from the citizen.
Contracts should be available in the public domain, rights and duties of both customer and the service provider should be stipulated under bylaws, complaint mechanisms should be set up, redress should be available to customers, service levels and the consequences of violations thereof should be
established.
No contracts can be above the law, especially when it comes to an essential element of human life such as water.
The writer is a PhD candidate at the UNESCO Centre for Water Law, Policy and Science at the University of Dundee, UK.
Mohamad Mova Al ‘Afghani, Dundee, UK | Tue, 03/30/2010 9:48 AM | Opinion
http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/03/30/ri-water-services-suffering-a-lack-governance.html
From more than 300 water utilities currently operating, only a quarter is said to be financially healthy. The rest is either suffering from high debts or continuously failing to be able to cover its costs.
Meanwhile, the population keeps increasing and the quality of water from surface and groundwater sources is rapidly decreasing due to deforestation, pollution, saltwater intrusion and other problems caused by climate change. Experts are pessimistic that Indonesia will be able to achieve the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) target on water by 2015.
What is the real problem in the water services sector? There are funds out there ready to be invested by the private sector, but yet, most private sector participation in the water sector is failing.
Water is also abundant in this country, but in the form of floods or waste. Many reports consider that the real problem is not the lack of financial or natural resources, but the serious lack of governance.
Given the seriousness of water for our daily lives, it is a pity that we do not have any single national legislation dedicated specifically to managing water services.
The reason for this is partially because of regional autonomy, that those are the duties of local governments. Has local government paid enough attention to governing water services? No. What I hear most is the fuss about regional bylaws regulating the decency and morality standards of their citizens, such as those related to gambling, prostitution, alcoholic beverages or women’s clothing.
I am not suggesting that public morality cannot be regulated. It’s just that in terms of priorities, we are certainly losing our sight. There are obviously more people dying and ill because of waterborne diseases rather than from gambling or prostitution.
It is the lack of access to sufficient and safe water which contributes to the escalation of criminal and socially immoral activities.
Within the world of water activism itself, the debate is often sidetracked. In Indonesia, people tend to always debate between public versus private ownership of water utilities. I think they are asking the wrong question.
We know so much about the failure of privatization but yet so little about the success of public water utilities. So the real question should be aimed toward a solution: What governance mechanisms work for either public or private water utilities? In what circumstances can water be privatized and in what circumstances is a public ownership desirable?
This sidetracked debate has contributed to a bitter reality, that is, that both privatized and nonprivatized services develop without adequate governance.
Jakarta, for example, which has a population of more than 10 million in daylight, is regulated through bylaws enacted in 1992 and 1993, way before privatization (by way of concession) was carried out in 1998.
These bylaws are poorly drafted and do not reflect the need to incorporate post-privatization reality. What is happening now is that, in practice, Jakarta drinking water services are regulated mainly through concession contracts.
This fact is appalling because water is a political good that contracts alone are never enough to regulate.
When a Jakarta citizen asks to what rights are they entitled as a water customer, there’s not much that the 1992 and 1993 bylaws can answer because the 1998 privatization has changed the landscape of accountability from Jakarta’s local government and PAM Jaya to its concessionaires.
Some of the answers could be provided in the concession contracts. Unfortunately, the concession contracts are said to contain a confidentiality clause and therefore are never to be found in the public domain.
On the other hand, a citizen in Bogor can obtain clarity that they are entitled to a discount and even exemption from payments if their water utility delivers substandard services because Bogor municipality enacted a bylaw in 2006, stipulating the rights and obligations of the customer.
This is not to say that Bogor’s water services bylaws are perfect as there are many clauses which need amendment.
This is to say that when local government has a strong will to govern water services, it can.
Currently, there are several other water services cooperation, concessions and joint ventures taking place or being planned, oftentimes with the support of International Financial Institutions (IFI).
Reading their reports, I am skeptical that enough attention is given toward transparency, accountability and participation, all of which constitute an important element of governance
Some reports even modeled water services as a sale-and-purchase transaction like other ordinary goods, whereby the Regional Water Company (PDAM) bought water from the private sector and re-sold it to customers, away from the scrutiny of local parliament and other accountability mechanisms.
If this is the way to go, then we are doomed to another failure because no privatization is ever successful without proper regulatory governance.
If local government wishes to privatize, they should tightly regulate the private sector. No contracts can be above the law, especially when it comes to an essential element of human life such as water.
If they don’t regulate, they will soon realize that they will lose control. Prices rising, taps not flowing, no investment made to extend the network.
When this happens, the citizens will come after them to demand responsibility. If they find no favorable answer, they can start taking matters into their own hands, such as by stealing water from the network.
This, in turn, will raise the burden on those who actually pay the price. If the local government decides to terminate the contract, the private sector will threaten to use international arbitration.
Thus, local governments should start establishing the framework for transparency, accountability and participation through regional bylaws. If the services are to be privatized, they must ensure prior consent from the citizen.
Contracts should be available in the public domain, rights and duties of both customer and the service provider should be stipulated under bylaws, complaint mechanisms should be set up, redress should be available to customers, service levels and the consequences of violations thereof should be
established.
No contracts can be above the law, especially when it comes to an essential element of human life such as water.
The writer is a PhD candidate at the UNESCO Centre for Water Law, Policy and Science at the University of Dundee, UK.
Selasa, 14 Desember 2010
MELALUI PENGKAJIAN AMDAL PEMBANGUNAN JALUR PIPA AIR LIMBAH DI KOTA MAKASSAR MAKA PERBAIKAN DERAJAT LINGKUNGAN DAN PELUANG KESEMPATAN KERJA BURUH LOKA
MELALUI PENGKAJIAN AMDAL PEMBANGUNAN JALUR PIPA AIR LIMBAH DI KOTA MAKASSAR MAKA PERBAIKAN DERAJAT LINGKUNGAN DAN PELUANG KESEMPATAN KERJA BURUH LOKAL SEMAKIN MENINGKAT
Aktifitas masyarakat dalam menggunakan air minum tentunya menghasilkan air limbah yang mengarah ke kawasan Pantai Losari yang merupakan ikon utama Kota Makassar. Melalui upaya pembangunan pipa air limbah dan IPAL ini maka tidak hanya berdampak kepada jumlah angkatan kerja buruh lokal tetapi juga meningkatnya derajat lingkungan dan kualitas kesehatan masyarakat umum khususnya anak-anak dan orang tua yang sangat rentan akan penyakit diare. Perilaku hidup bersih dan sehat sangatlah menentukan. Sayangnya, sebagian besar masyarakat perkotaan yang hidup di daerah kumuh belum menjalankan perilaku hidup bersih dan sehat, seperti mencuci tangan pakai sabun, meminum air yang telah dimasak, mengelola sampah dengan baik agar tidak terkontaminasi kuman, dan menggunakan jamban yang bertangki septik. Upaya pembangunan pipa air limbah dan IPAL ini tentunya diharapkan mengurangi kerugian akibat sanitasi yang buruk, laporan menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia naik 6,1 % per tahun, sayangnya akibat sanitasi yang buruk kita rugi 2,1 %.
Kecilnya alokasi anggaran untuk sektor sanitasi, menggambarkan minimnya perhatian pemerintah Daerah pada masalah sanitasi. Tidak terdapatnya institusi yang bertanggung jawab secara langsung kepada sanitasi perkotaan. Institusi pengelolaan sarana dan prasarana ini perlu dipertimbangkan alternatif seperti Perusda Air minum / PDAM, Badan Layanan Umum / Unit pengelola Teknis Dinas yang secara khusus dapat menjadi alternatif untuk mengelola sarana air limbah tersebut. Kebanyakan dari penentu kebijakan di kalangan eksekutif dan legislatif memiliki kesenjangan kapasitas dalam memahami betapa penting dan sangat mendesaknya penyediaan pelayanan bidang sanitasi bagi masyarakat. Disisi masyarakat pemahaman tentang sanitasi juga rendah, perilaku dan buruknya sanitasi masyarakat dikarenakan kurang mengenalnya pola hidup bersih dan merupakan kesenjangan yang nyata dalam memahami kesehatan lingkungan (hygiene) yang sehat, hal ini memperburuk kondisi lingkungan perkotaan. Upaya memperbaiki kesehatan dan lingkungan ini tentunya melewati suatu proses perkajian oleh seluruh komponen masyarakat.
Melalui tahapan AMDAL (Analisis Mengenai Dampak Lingkungan) telah dikaji rencana pembangunan pipa air limbah dan IPAL di kawasan pantai Losari Makassar sebagai upaya memperbaiki kondisi lingkungan pantai kebanggaan kota terbesar di KTI.
Pada gambar di bawah ini hasil pemeriksaan nilai kualitas air di saluran outlet di kawasan pantai Losari. Gambar tersebut menunjukkan bahwa pencemaran telah melampaui batas ambang parameter BOD dan COD, hal ini menjadi ancaman bagi biota laut dan perairan pantai di kawasan pantai Losari.
Pemerintah (Pusat, Propinsi Sul-Sel dan Kota Makassar) dan masyarakat bersama - sama mewujudkan pantai Losari yang bersih indah dan bebas pencemaran. Olehnya itu direncanakan pengelolaan air limbah kota Makassar melalui pem-bangunan jalur pipa air limbah dan Instalasi Pengolahan air limbah/IPAL di kawasan Losari Kota Makassar. Pengkajian dampak penting dimulai dari tahapan perencanaan dan pelaksanaan yang banyak melibatkan peran masyarakat khususnya keterlibatan sebagai tenaga kerja buruh lokal untuk pemasangan pipa “tersier” dari rumah / pelanggan ke pipa penghantar air limbah.
Rencana Pemerintah Kota membangun IPAL mengolah limbah cair berkapasitas 10.000 m3/hari akan menempati lahan seluas ± 4 Hektar di sekitar bangunan Celebes Convention Centre (CCC) ini akan mengolah limbah cair yang berasal dari perumahan, perkantoran, perhotelan, restoran dan mall. Air hasil pengolahan akan digunakan untuk berbagai keperluan termasuk untuk air baku intake PDAM dan keperluan lainya seperti hidran umum untuk masyarakat miskin. Kebutuhan sosialisasi kepada masyarakat yang dilewati pipa air limbah merupakan hal mutlak untuk menambah wawasan masyarakat umum agar rencana pelayanan air limbah dapat diterima baik oleh masyarakat.
Pembangunan ini diprakirakan akan menimbulkan dampak kualitas lingkungan fisik (debu, bising, kerusakan badan jalan, akses jalan terganggu) pada lokasi yang dilewatinya. Adapun kecamatan yang dilalui pipa air limbah meliputi Kelurahan kelurahan yang berada di 6 Kecamatan: Makassar, Mariso Ujung pandang, Tamalate, Mamajang dan Bontoala. Beberapa jalan jalan utama yang di lalui adalah sbb: Jl. Veteran selatan, Jl. Monginsidi, Jl. Dr Ratulangi, Jl. Lanto Dg Pasewang, Jl.Kakatua, Jl. Haji Bau, Jl. Penghibur dan Jl. sekitar Tanjung Bunga. Akibat dari pembangunan ini diperkirakan dapat terjadi perubahan sikap dan presepsi masyarakat akibat kegiatan tersebut seperti ancaman kesehatan dan keselamatan kerja serta peluang kerja.
Aktifitas masyarakat dalam menggunakan air minum tentunya menghasilkan air limbah yang mengarah ke kawasan Pantai Losari yang merupakan ikon utama Kota Makassar. Melalui upaya pembangunan pipa air limbah dan IPAL ini maka tidak hanya berdampak kepada jumlah angkatan kerja buruh lokal tetapi juga meningkatnya derajat lingkungan dan kualitas kesehatan masyarakat umum khususnya anak-anak dan orang tua yang sangat rentan akan penyakit diare. Perilaku hidup bersih dan sehat sangatlah menentukan. Sayangnya, sebagian besar masyarakat perkotaan yang hidup di daerah kumuh belum menjalankan perilaku hidup bersih dan sehat, seperti mencuci tangan pakai sabun, meminum air yang telah dimasak, mengelola sampah dengan baik agar tidak terkontaminasi kuman, dan menggunakan jamban yang bertangki septik. Upaya pembangunan pipa air limbah dan IPAL ini tentunya diharapkan mengurangi kerugian akibat sanitasi yang buruk, laporan menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia naik 6,1 % per tahun, sayangnya akibat sanitasi yang buruk kita rugi 2,1 %.
Kecilnya alokasi anggaran untuk sektor sanitasi, menggambarkan minimnya perhatian pemerintah Daerah pada masalah sanitasi. Tidak terdapatnya institusi yang bertanggung jawab secara langsung kepada sanitasi perkotaan. Institusi pengelolaan sarana dan prasarana ini perlu dipertimbangkan alternatif seperti Perusda Air minum / PDAM, Badan Layanan Umum / Unit pengelola Teknis Dinas yang secara khusus dapat menjadi alternatif untuk mengelola sarana air limbah tersebut. Kebanyakan dari penentu kebijakan di kalangan eksekutif dan legislatif memiliki kesenjangan kapasitas dalam memahami betapa penting dan sangat mendesaknya penyediaan pelayanan bidang sanitasi bagi masyarakat. Disisi masyarakat pemahaman tentang sanitasi juga rendah, perilaku dan buruknya sanitasi masyarakat dikarenakan kurang mengenalnya pola hidup bersih dan merupakan kesenjangan yang nyata dalam memahami kesehatan lingkungan (hygiene) yang sehat, hal ini memperburuk kondisi lingkungan perkotaan. Upaya memperbaiki kesehatan dan lingkungan ini tentunya melewati suatu proses perkajian oleh seluruh komponen masyarakat.
Melalui tahapan AMDAL (Analisis Mengenai Dampak Lingkungan) telah dikaji rencana pembangunan pipa air limbah dan IPAL di kawasan pantai Losari Makassar sebagai upaya memperbaiki kondisi lingkungan pantai kebanggaan kota terbesar di KTI.
Pada gambar di bawah ini hasil pemeriksaan nilai kualitas air di saluran outlet di kawasan pantai Losari. Gambar tersebut menunjukkan bahwa pencemaran telah melampaui batas ambang parameter BOD dan COD, hal ini menjadi ancaman bagi biota laut dan perairan pantai di kawasan pantai Losari.
Pemerintah (Pusat, Propinsi Sul-Sel dan Kota Makassar) dan masyarakat bersama - sama mewujudkan pantai Losari yang bersih indah dan bebas pencemaran. Olehnya itu direncanakan pengelolaan air limbah kota Makassar melalui pem-bangunan jalur pipa air limbah dan Instalasi Pengolahan air limbah/IPAL di kawasan Losari Kota Makassar. Pengkajian dampak penting dimulai dari tahapan perencanaan dan pelaksanaan yang banyak melibatkan peran masyarakat khususnya keterlibatan sebagai tenaga kerja buruh lokal untuk pemasangan pipa “tersier” dari rumah / pelanggan ke pipa penghantar air limbah.
Rencana Pemerintah Kota membangun IPAL mengolah limbah cair berkapasitas 10.000 m3/hari akan menempati lahan seluas ± 4 Hektar di sekitar bangunan Celebes Convention Centre (CCC) ini akan mengolah limbah cair yang berasal dari perumahan, perkantoran, perhotelan, restoran dan mall. Air hasil pengolahan akan digunakan untuk berbagai keperluan termasuk untuk air baku intake PDAM dan keperluan lainya seperti hidran umum untuk masyarakat miskin. Kebutuhan sosialisasi kepada masyarakat yang dilewati pipa air limbah merupakan hal mutlak untuk menambah wawasan masyarakat umum agar rencana pelayanan air limbah dapat diterima baik oleh masyarakat.
Pembangunan ini diprakirakan akan menimbulkan dampak kualitas lingkungan fisik (debu, bising, kerusakan badan jalan, akses jalan terganggu) pada lokasi yang dilewatinya. Adapun kecamatan yang dilalui pipa air limbah meliputi Kelurahan kelurahan yang berada di 6 Kecamatan: Makassar, Mariso Ujung pandang, Tamalate, Mamajang dan Bontoala. Beberapa jalan jalan utama yang di lalui adalah sbb: Jl. Veteran selatan, Jl. Monginsidi, Jl. Dr Ratulangi, Jl. Lanto Dg Pasewang, Jl.Kakatua, Jl. Haji Bau, Jl. Penghibur dan Jl. sekitar Tanjung Bunga. Akibat dari pembangunan ini diperkirakan dapat terjadi perubahan sikap dan presepsi masyarakat akibat kegiatan tersebut seperti ancaman kesehatan dan keselamatan kerja serta peluang kerja.
TRIK HEMAT ISI PULSA IM2 BROADBAND UNLIMITED or XTRA UNLIMITEDDENGAN MEMANFAATKAN KARTU IM3, MENTARI, or STARONE
TRIK HEMAT ISI PULSA IM2 BROADBAND UNLIMITED or XTRA UNLIMITEDDENGAN MEMANFAATKAN KARTU IM3, MENTARI, or STARONE
Nge-net IM2 broom emang asyik apalagi pake kuota unlimited. Tapi gimana soal bayar pulsanya?? Huff.. untuk yang Unlimited kita harus punya saldo sebesar Rp. 100.000 sedangkan yang Xtra Unlimited harus punya saldo minimal Rp. 125.000. Harga yang pantas? Yah, kembali pada diri Anda sendiri.
Ada beberapa cara untuk mengisi pulsa IM2. Yaitu dengan membeli Voucher IM2, Voucher pulsa INDOSAT, ataupun melalui banking. Nah, yang akan gue bahas kali ini adalah bagaimana cara mengisi pulsa IM2 namun juga akan menguntungkan kita sebagai pengguna kartu INDOSAT (IM3, MENTARI, STARONE).
TRIK ini sangat berguna jika kamu juga pengguna kartu INDOSAT. Kalo kamu pengguna kartu lain, good bye!
Caranya gampang, gini:
• Isi kartu INDOSAT (IM3, MENTARI, STARONE) kamu senilai Rp.100.000 *Unlimited*, atau Rp. 125.000 *Xtra Unlimited*. Disarankan langsung yang 100.000 elektrik (biasanya lbh murah)
• Usahakan pulsa di HP kamu diatas 100.000 (jangan ngepas bgt yah, 105.000 lah). Ups itu untuk yang "Unlimited", kalo "Xtra Unlimited" berarti 130.000 an
• Kirim sms dengan text: IM2PRE 25000 kirim ke 6789
• Tunggu konfirmasi dari IM2, nanti kamu akan dikirimkan sebuah sms yang berisi userID dan password.
• Contoh: UserID im286xxx@indosat.net.id Pwd xxxx
• Klik http://www.indosatm2.com/topup untuk topup seperti biasa (masukkan username & password IM2 kamu)
• Untuk jenis voucher, pilih IM2 jangan INDOSAT
• Kemudian masukkan UserID dan password pada kolom yang tersedia. Untuk kolom UserID nya cukup masukkan tanpa diikuti "@indosat.net.id" kalo pada contoh di atas berarti masukkan hanya "im286xxx" dan isi passwordnya serta kode ferivikasi
• Then klik "Topup". Maka saldo IM2 kamu akan bertambah Rp.25.000, sedangkan pulsa kartu INDOSAT (IM3, MENTARI, STARONE) kamu akan berkurang Rp.25.250 (kalo ga salah)
• Ulangi dari langkah no.3 hingga pulsa IM2 kamu bertambah sesuai tipe *Unlimited=100.000* atau *Xtra Unlimited=125.000*
APANYA YANG HEMAT??
• Masa aktif nomor INDOSAT lo akan bertambah, kan lo isi pulsa (elektrik/vocher) ke nomor HP lo sendiri.
• Dapat bonus macem2, apalagi kalo lo isi yang 100.000 langsung, bonus yang lo dapet: gratis bicara 20 menit, 20 sms, dan 20 menit internet (sampai tulisan ini diposting)
• Lebih murah, biasanya beli vocher elektrik lebih murah. Ya kan?
• Kenapa harus IM2PRE 25000 ga skalian aja IM2PRE 100000? Ga ada bo, yang IM2PRE 100000. Yah, bisnis lah. Mana mao INDOSAT ngeluarin yang kaya gitu, rugi lah (kalo sebagian besar user berpikir kaya trik gue)
• Kenapa pulsa di HP kita harus 100.000 ke atas, ga boleh ngepas? Itu untuk antisipasi karena tiap pengiriman sms dikenalan charge, ga mahal kok. Gw ngirim 4x sms, total charge ga nyampe 1000 perak
Nge-net IM2 broom emang asyik apalagi pake kuota unlimited. Tapi gimana soal bayar pulsanya?? Huff.. untuk yang Unlimited kita harus punya saldo sebesar Rp. 100.000 sedangkan yang Xtra Unlimited harus punya saldo minimal Rp. 125.000. Harga yang pantas? Yah, kembali pada diri Anda sendiri.
Ada beberapa cara untuk mengisi pulsa IM2. Yaitu dengan membeli Voucher IM2, Voucher pulsa INDOSAT, ataupun melalui banking. Nah, yang akan gue bahas kali ini adalah bagaimana cara mengisi pulsa IM2 namun juga akan menguntungkan kita sebagai pengguna kartu INDOSAT (IM3, MENTARI, STARONE).
TRIK ini sangat berguna jika kamu juga pengguna kartu INDOSAT. Kalo kamu pengguna kartu lain, good bye!
Caranya gampang, gini:
• Isi kartu INDOSAT (IM3, MENTARI, STARONE) kamu senilai Rp.100.000 *Unlimited*, atau Rp. 125.000 *Xtra Unlimited*. Disarankan langsung yang 100.000 elektrik (biasanya lbh murah)
• Usahakan pulsa di HP kamu diatas 100.000 (jangan ngepas bgt yah, 105.000 lah). Ups itu untuk yang "Unlimited", kalo "Xtra Unlimited" berarti 130.000 an
• Kirim sms dengan text: IM2PRE 25000 kirim ke 6789
• Tunggu konfirmasi dari IM2, nanti kamu akan dikirimkan sebuah sms yang berisi userID dan password.
• Contoh: UserID im286xxx@indosat.net.id Pwd xxxx
• Klik http://www.indosatm2.com/topup untuk topup seperti biasa (masukkan username & password IM2 kamu)
• Untuk jenis voucher, pilih IM2 jangan INDOSAT
• Kemudian masukkan UserID dan password pada kolom yang tersedia. Untuk kolom UserID nya cukup masukkan tanpa diikuti "@indosat.net.id" kalo pada contoh di atas berarti masukkan hanya "im286xxx" dan isi passwordnya serta kode ferivikasi
• Then klik "Topup". Maka saldo IM2 kamu akan bertambah Rp.25.000, sedangkan pulsa kartu INDOSAT (IM3, MENTARI, STARONE) kamu akan berkurang Rp.25.250 (kalo ga salah)
• Ulangi dari langkah no.3 hingga pulsa IM2 kamu bertambah sesuai tipe *Unlimited=100.000* atau *Xtra Unlimited=125.000*
APANYA YANG HEMAT??
• Masa aktif nomor INDOSAT lo akan bertambah, kan lo isi pulsa (elektrik/vocher) ke nomor HP lo sendiri.
• Dapat bonus macem2, apalagi kalo lo isi yang 100.000 langsung, bonus yang lo dapet: gratis bicara 20 menit, 20 sms, dan 20 menit internet (sampai tulisan ini diposting)
• Lebih murah, biasanya beli vocher elektrik lebih murah. Ya kan?
• Kenapa harus IM2PRE 25000 ga skalian aja IM2PRE 100000? Ga ada bo, yang IM2PRE 100000. Yah, bisnis lah. Mana mao INDOSAT ngeluarin yang kaya gitu, rugi lah (kalo sebagian besar user berpikir kaya trik gue)
• Kenapa pulsa di HP kita harus 100.000 ke atas, ga boleh ngepas? Itu untuk antisipasi karena tiap pengiriman sms dikenalan charge, ga mahal kok. Gw ngirim 4x sms, total charge ga nyampe 1000 perak
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